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“Decided to sleep in lean-to, floor like C-ment. To those who come behind us, bring a mattress. – Griffin Rapids.”
There are benefits to winter camping in a lean-to. Foremost, is that you don’t have to carry your shelter with you. Lean-tos are spacious; although each lean-to can be different typically there is adequate room for 5 campers. The lean-to provides a level, dry platform for changing clothes, setting up a stove, mixing food, or just plain sitting. On the other hand, lean-to’s aren’t particularly warm in cold weather – even if you close off the open side with a tarp as we did. They are usually situated in high-use areas. They can house rodents and the sleeping arrangements can leave you lying wide awake between two prodigious snorers.
There are over 200 lean-tos in the Adirondacks and we have all read the lean-to registers. Stuart Mesinger took several  years and read hundreds of registers to compile his book; No Place I’d Rather Be: Wit and Wisdom from Adirondack Lean-tos.
Stuart received permission (and sponsorship) from the ADK to go through the register archives. Stuart flagged the interesting entries, had a High School student type them up and then organized the book into themes: love stories, tall tales, partying, complainers, weather, critters, bugs, food, the privy, the campfire, the long walk, adventures, culture clashes, hunting and fishing, companions, religion and solitude.
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It is useful to have a checklist available for review before venturing out on a winter camping trip or day hike.
Tjamrog posted a straight forward list appropriate for day hiking to include:
- Trekking poles or ski poles
- Day pack
- Map
- Compass
- Water bottles (2)
- Insulating bottle holders
- Headlamp
- knife
- Waterproof matches
- Whistle
- Emergency shelter (space blanket)
- Chemical hand and foot warmers
- Cell phone
- Extra Food
- Thermos of hot cider, cocoa, coffee
- Clothing
- winter hat
- Neoprene face mask/scarf
- Sunglasses
- Goggles
- Lightweight long underwear top
- Midweight long underwear top
- Waterproof/breathable shell
jacket
- Insulating gloves or mittens
- Lightweight long r
pants
- Waterproof/breathable pants
- Liner socks
- Wool socks (wear one and bring
an extra pair)
- Gaiters
- Boots
The value of a checklist is that it provides a starting point for gear assembly. You can review it to ensure you didn’t forget something important. You don’t necessarily have to agree with every item and/or you may substitute items or tailor the list, but it helps ensure you don’t leave without wearing your pants (or something else equally important).
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With participants coming from many distances and directions it was decided to meet at a diner. In this case, we chose the diner in Indian Lake at the intersections of Routes 30 and 28 for a 10am rendezvous. We ate a big breakfast and drove to the trail head.
Tirrell Pond is reached by using a portion of Northville-Placid Trail which heads north from Route 30 near Lake Durant. From the trail register on the north side of Route 30 the trail extends 3.5 miles to the south end of Tirrell Pond. It is a roller coaster of a trail which begins on state land and passes through primarily hardwood forests. Shortly after crossing a finger of O’Neill Flow, the trail crosses Finch Pruyn Paper land and then re-enters state land before O’Neill lean to on south end of Tirrell Pond (1,918′ elevation). Since our visit the O’Neil Flow lean-to has been removed, the site of the old lean-to is closed to camping and new lean-to has been constructed nearby.
It took us 1.5 hours to snowshoe into the lean-to. I was flying along breaking trail for the 1st 45 minutes. During our trail break Mark attributed it to my new dedication to yoga, but I then settled down to occupy a position further back in the line and I was glad to see the lean-to. Below Mike, Ian, Mark and Skip snowshoe to Tirrell Pond.
Jason and Mark watch the snow blow into our lean-to. Who knew that Jason wore the silk shirt under his parka and would later debut slippers? He would also be borrowing an additional jacket as the wind rose and temperature dropped.
After dropping our packs in the lean-to and changing out of damp clothes we began to gather and cut firewood for our evening fire.
A few of the larger logs were used to create a platform and reflective surface for the fire.
We took pictures of Tirrell Pond and Tirrell Mountain.
And occasionally took pictures of the picture takers.
Mike and Jason did some exploring and continued on the trail along the western side of Tirrell Pond reaching a 2nd lean to at 4.6 miles. Blue Mountain Village can be reached by continuing another 4 miles.
As darkness fell we cooked soup over the fire, roasted hot dogs and had snacks.
Laying our our sleeping pads and bags in the lean-to we realized that six bodies was maximum capacity as we were all laying shoulder to shoulder. Mike and Jason tried to snooze in their sleeping bags while Mark, Skip, Ian and I played a game of “I Doubt It” (also call bullshit or cheat). It was cold enough that we hide our bare exposed hands under jackets or in pockets until it was our turn to play.
We turned in a little before 9pm. With everyone in their sleeping bags I read the perfect winter camping bedtime story – “The Cremation of Sam McGee” by Robert Service using my headlamp for illumination.
It was cold that night. I had a 0 degree Northface Snowshoe sleeping bag and got a little chilled. I pulled my down jacket into the sleeping bag with me for extra insulation. With the plummeting temperatures everyone began snoring. While Skip got blamed for being the principle protagonist (“That’s funny, I had a dream that Skip was yelling in my ear all night.”) at one point during the night I woke up and heard two distinct snorers to my right and one to my left. I can’t claim that I didn’t join the chorus at some point.
We were packed into the lean-to so tight that one person couldn’t move without affecting others. Skip awoke during the night and being unable to roll about he sat up and stared at the darkness for several hours until sleep returned.
In the morning we awoke at 7:30, had breakfast and were on the trail out at 9am. We were back to our vehicles at 10:30 and I was home by 1pm to put away my winter camping gear.
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From Easternslopes
This is for people who are buying their first snowshoes or looking to upgrade older models to a modern snowshoe with more performance and practicality. There are lots of modern snowshoes on the market these days and the variety can be confusing—especially since most look a lot alike. Different shoes with different features are better for different jobs, and picking the right ones for you and your needs can be challenging. The way to begin sorting out snowshoes is to imagine what, specifically you are going to do on them and, to some extent, where you are going to do it. There are two general categories of snowshoes; racing/running, and backcountry/general use.
Read more here.
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When planning a winter camping trip, especially if snow camping, remember that travel will be much slower than in the summer. Reduce your mileage goal by 50% to 60%. Daylight hours are fewer in the winter, which will also limit your time. Normal activities around camp take longer in cold weather.
Think about when to take your winter camping trip:
- November Moderate temperatures, possible rain, thin snow cover
- December Short days and long nights, thin snow cover
- January Good snow cover, long nights, extreme temperatures
- February Good snow cover, long nights, extreme temperatures
- March Longer days, milder temperatures, adequate snow
- April Spotty snow cover, warm temperatures, longer days
Plan Ahead and Prepare
Poor planning often results in miserable campers and damage to natural and cultural resources. Trip planning is important as it:
- It helps ensure the safety of groups and individuals.
- It prepares you to Leave No Trace and minimizes resource damage.
- It contributes to accomplishing trip goals safely and enjoyably.
- It increases self-confidence and opportunities for learning more about nature.
Elements to consider when planning a trip
- Identify and record the goals (expectations) of your trip. Is this a ‘jamboree’ or are members of the group trying to accomplish specific goals.
- Identify the skill and ability of trip participants. Are there members of the group that are winter camping novices and if so, how will they be mentored?
- Select appropriate destinations that match your goals, skills, and abilities and plan trip activities to match your goals, skills, and abilities.
- Gain knowledge of the area you plan to visit from land managers, maps, and literature. Use trail guides and the internet to perform as much research as possible prior to the trip.
- Choose your equipment and clothing for comfort, safety, and Leave No Trace qualities.
- Evaluate your trip upon return to note changes you will make next time.
- Know the weather forecast in advance
- Understand the terrain you will be traveling. Bring maps and photos along to help locate your journey on the terrain.
- Understand any regulations/restrictions that may apply, including parking.
- Understand and respect private land boundaries
- Anticipate the average hiking speed of group and anticipated food consumption
- Plan to accommodate the group size. Does it meet regulations and trip purpose?
You can prepare by:
- Educating yourself on the area you plan to visit. Learn about winter regulations, closures, and weather hazards. In upstate New York, where I live, the DEC Regulations, (http://www.dec.ny.gov/regulations/regulations.html) specifically the DEC State Land Use Regulations, regulate where to camp on State Land. Tents may be set up at designated sites. Designated sites have yellow “Camp Here” discs with a black tipi, and your tent must be within 15 feet of this disc. Outside of designated sites, tents must be 150 feet from any trails or water. Lean-tos do not count as designated sites, so tents must be 150 feet from any lean-tos or trails leading to lean-tos as well. Designated sites will have a disc, so even if there is a fire ring but not a disc, the campsite is not a legal one unless it follows the 150 foot rule.
- Last but not least, obviously, you can’t camp at any site that has a “No Camping” disc.
- Taking a winter back country course to gain experience.
- Expect extreme weather and gear up for it.
- In mountainous country carry an avalanche beacon, probe, and shovel.
- Plan a route appropriate for the experience level, size, and goals of your group. In the Adirondack Park one can contact the NYS DEC at (518) 897-1200 to determine trail conditions in the area you plan to visit. Adirondack Trail Information can also be found on the DEC web site at: www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/7865.html. The web pages provide general information and seasonal conditions, specific notices on closures and other situations involving trails, roads, foot bridges, etc., and links to rules & regulations, hiker and camper safety, low impact recreation, weather and more.
- Leave your excursion plans with two people, including your expected return time. They can begin a rescue if you do not return in reasonable time.
- Trail markings may be hidden in snow. Use a map and compass for navigation. Batteries in GPS units may not work in cold temperatures.
- Anticipate changing weather that may obscure or cover trail markings, tents, and gear. Make sure you know where you are and where your gear is at all times.
- Night falls early. You will have much less time to travel and set up camp, so plan accordingly and understand that everything takes longer in cold weather.
- Ensure you have appropriate gear for the worst-case environment. Use layering of clothes to keep warm and prevent overheating followed by freezing.
Weather Planning
NOAA’s National Operational Hydrological Remote Sensing Center has an Interactive Snow Information Map for the US. It is a great mapping tool for analyzing snow cover. The map is highly configurable. You can re-center the map anywhere in the US. One can map Hourly Snow Analysis, Driving Conditions, and Daily Snow Analysis. You can look at historical data. One can select overlays to be plotted such as Hydrologic, Political, Point or Transportation features for reference purposes.
Group Size
Winter camping is more fun and a lot safer in group. Choose group members that will be compatible with one another. Group members should have similar expectations and goals.
Never explore alone, but keep groups small to minimize impact and keep the group operating efficiently.
A group of four allows one to stay with an injured person and two to go for help. A small group allows for specialties to emerge. One person might set the tent while others cut fireword wood, make a warm drink, or begin cooking.
The 10 Essentials
Before you take your trip there are essential items that should be included in your pack to ensure your comfort and survival – the famous 10 Essentials.
In the 1930s, the Mountaineers, a Seattle-based hiking, climbing, and conservation organization, came up with a list of 10 essential items that no climber should be without. Many outdoor training schools make use of the 10 essentials to teach outdoor skills and good practices. Since then the 10 essentials have been published by various groups to suit particular outdoor situations.
- Map – A map tells you a ridiculous amount of information that can be used in the back country. It tells you were you are, how far you have to go, time to get there, amount you have to climb, where to park your car, campsites, water sites, and an emergency route in an accident. We are positive that we left out 50 other things but you get the idea. If travelling on foot in the back country 7.5 minute USGS quads or 15 minute maps will give you the detail that you are starving for. Oh, you better know how to read it!
- Compass – Carry a compass at all times. Learn to use this tool, and its cousin the topo map, and you are on your way to finding that never done route to the never visited part of the forest. You can do all this in zero visibility of course since the compass doesn’t lie when the visibility goes to zilch. For all you GPS carriers out there, don’t even think a GPS is a replacement. Don’t trust anything with a battery in the backcountry.
- Flashlight Or Headlamp – A flashlight or headlamp should be carried at all times. You may need to walk in to your camp in the dark. Flashlights can also be used to signal for help from anybody that may be looking for you in a critical situation.
- Extra Food – Whenever you are outside have extra food in case you are delayed by bad weather, injuries, getting lost, or getting exhausted. The mountaineers of the 1930’s suggest a one-day supply of extra food. Extra food can boost morale, ward off hypothermia, and when things are bad give you that needed energy. Leave the low carb food at home, that’s for sissies.
- 5) Rain Gear And Extra Clothes – You need to have extra cloths and rain gear to deal with almost anything you can think of. Remember in the backcountry cotton kills. In addition to non cotton layers you would normally take while outside bring extra clothes. These extra clothes are critical when the conditions get real bad or you have to spend an extra night on the mountain. Remember that a good hat is the best weight per warmth ratio item in your backpack.
- Sunglasses And Sun Screen – Ever have snow blindness and sunburn at the same time? This becomes even more pronounced at higher elevations since the intensity of ultraviolet rays becomes more of a problem.
- First Aid Kit – Prepackaged first aid kits designed just for hikers are a great item to have. These packages contain band-aids, bandages, basic medicines, and many other items. Of course this is like the compass. If you don’t know how to use it, it won’t be of much use.
- Pocket Knife Or Multi Purpose Tool – A knife will allow you to perform various tasks in the back country. A few of them include lifesaving procedures such as cutting bandages, removing splinters, punching holes in tarps, cutting rope, making kindling, and putting a hole in your friends thermarest in the middle of the night.
- Fire starter And Matches – Fire is warmth and warmth is good when you are cold. Fire also serves as a good signal to others when you are lost. A basic fire starter is useful for starting a fire in emergency situations and for getting wet wood blazing. A fire starter can consist of a chemically-treated fire stick, candles, melted paraffin and newspaper, waxed cardboard, dryer lint, wood shavings, or hundreds of other materials. Clean out that belly button and save that lint! In addition to the fire starter carry waterproof and windproof matches. These will be essential in starting your fire starter when things go south.
- Water And A Way To Purify It – Without water your body will weaken and your muscles and organs just won’t be able to function. Water also fends off hypothermia and altitude sickness. Having a water purifier such as a commercial water filter or iodine tablets in addition to a good stove to melt or boil water can solve the problem.
Wired magazine published their list of 10 Essential Outdoor Survival Items. The table below depicts the difference between Wired’s list and WinterCampers.com. The Wired list does not place a premium on navigation as they do not include a map or compass on their list. I suppose the trash bag could double as rain gear.
| WinterCampers.com |
Wired Magazine |
| Map |
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| Compass |
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| Flashlight |
Flashlight |
| Extra Food |
High Calorie Protein Bars |
| Rain gear & extra clothes |
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| Sunglasses & sun screen |
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| 1st Aid Kit |
1st Aid Kit |
| Knife or Multi-tool |
Knife |
| Fire starter and matches |
Butane Lighter & Tinder |
| Water and a way to purify it |
Water purification supplies |
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whistle |
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Plastic Trash Bag |
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Backpacker Hammock |
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Metal cup or can |
Another take on the 10 essentials is listed at Gotta Go – It Snows: Daypack List.
Backpacker Magazine has a short video called “Pack Like a Pro” where Jonathon Dorn describes items he packs on for day hikes.
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I had a couple of pieces of 9′ Tyvek left over from the home remodeling that I wanted to experiment with for camping applications. I took a piece to use as a ground cloth in my megamid tipi when we winter camped on Peaked Mountain.
The piece had been left over when the patio doors were installed in the living room and it was just about the right size for making a bivy sack. I had washed it so it wasn’t super crinkly sounding. I roughly followed the directions given in the 2nd half of this video.
DIY $5 Tyvek Sleeping Bag Bivy
I set my largest sleeping pad down with my overstuffed Western Mountaineering Puma winter sleeping bag. I folded the Tyvek over everything and trimmed it to provide a generous fit. The two concerns I have of bivy sacks are:
- They can be confining and restrict moving around during the night. If someone is claustrophobic they may not enjoy sleeping in a bivy.
- Condensation from the occupant gets captured inside the bivy and can moisten the sleeping bag.
Hopefully, the generous cut will enable ventilation. My main goal for the bivy is to keep my sleeping bag out of the snow if I am winter camping with a floorless tipi or tarp.
In my research I heard of DIY Tyvek projects that sewed seams and glued them but the use of double-sided carpet tape seemed to make the most sense to me. It is was quick and relatively easy to apply once I figured out how to remove the film.
I taped the bottom of the bivy and half-way up the side to approximately waist height. I turned the bivy inside out so the Tyvek advertising was on the inside.
I applied two tabs of sticky backed velcro such that I could secure the top half, if desired. Two views of the he finished product.
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Wool has long been the traditional favorite of outdoorsmen – it’s warm when wet and durable for its weight. Wool is a natural fiber composed primarily of keratin, a protein found also in hair, fingernails and animal hooves. Sheep serve as the primary source of wool for clothing. Wool has several qualities that distinguish it from hair or fur: it is crimped, it has a different texture or handle, it is elastic, and it grows in staples (clusters).
Wool’s scaling and crimp make it easier to spin fleece by helping the individual fibers attach to each other, so that they stay together. Because of the crimp, wool fabrics have a greater bulk than other textiles, and retain air, which causes the product to retain heat or to keep the heat out.
The quality of wool is determined by the fiber diameter, crimp, yield, color, and staple strength. Fiber diameter is the single most important wool characteristic determining quality and price. Merino wool is typically 3-5 inches in length and is very fine (between 12-24 microns)
Wool is hydrophobic working to move moisture (aka: perspiration) from your skin to the core of the wool fiber on to the outside environment, where it can be transferred to the atmosphere.
Wool doesn’t catch on fire like some synthetic fabrics. Have you ever been around a campfire and had errant spark fly out and hit your synthetic fleece or nylon outer shell?
What is Merino Wool? The source of merino wool is merino sheep a breed that originated centuries ago in Spain. Merino is much finer than traditional wool, and is technically more complex than synthetics. Merino wool fibers range between 15 to 24 microns in diameter, with 17.5-micron fibers (rated “ultrafine”) often used for next-to-skin apparel. The merino industry regards 18.5 microns as the average fiber diameter most people can wear without experiencing an itchy sensation. Merino is the most hydrophilic of all fibers and can absorb and release 10x more moisture than synthetics. Each fiber can absorb up to one third of its own weight in moisture without feeling clammy or wet to touch.
Outdoor enthusiasts should look for a quality, washable wool when building layers against the cold. Look for washable wool there’s a lot of good companies that make it.
To read more see REI “How to Choose Wool Clothing“ or Discover the Warmth of Wool .
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Build a winter campfire using these components:
The Platform. Step 1 is paying attention to base the fire is going to sit on. Whether you are trying to promote Leave No Trace techniques and establishing a protection layer between the fire and the ground or shielding the fire from dampness or trying to keep it up out of the snow and direct it’s heat; a platform is all important. The picture below depicts a good platform. It is built in the existing fire pit at the Tirrell Pond lean-to. It has a solid base of logs; getting it up out of the snow and a couple of reflective walls to channel the heat back to the fire and towards the lean-to. Len the Fire Master preaches “Get It Off The Ground”, especially if it is damp and/or cold.
Firestarter. Whether you use matches, butane lighters, flint and steel, or decide to rub two sticks together, you need a flame or spark and something to catch fire. There are commercial materials such as wetfire or esbit tablets, homemade starters such as cotton balls dipped in Vaseline, or wax and shavings cupcakes, or nature materials such as birch bark.
Tinder. Tinder should be bone-dry, snappable twigs, about as long as your hand. You need two complete handfuls.
Kindling. Kindling should be as thick as your thumb, long as your forearm, breakable with two hands. You need at least two armfuls.
Fuel wood — anything thick and long enough that it can’t be broken by hand. It’s okay if it’s slightly damp. You need a knee-high stack.
The Process.
Step 1: Light the tinder, turning the pile gently to get air underneath it.
Step 2: Feed the kindling into the emergent fire with some pace.
Step 3: Lay on the fuel wood. Pyramid, the log cabin, whatever — the idea is to create some kind of structure so that plenty of air gets to the fire.
Fire making tips.
1. Don’t build a fire under snow-laden branches (to avoid a flame-smothering avalanche).
2. Make a foundation for your fire with medium-size logs or thick bark, or dig down to the frozen earth. Without these precautions the fire will melt into the snow and suffocate.
3. Gather only dead wood from downed trees and branches to feed your fire. If the available fuel is snow-covered and damp, use more tinder and kindling, and start with a smaller fire. “If you keep at it,” explains Kostoss, “you can dry out any wood enough to burn.”
4. For a no-hassle fire, use the classic tepee method: In the middle of your foundation, sandwich a handful of loose tinder between two layers of kindling. Prop small and medium sticks, no bigger than your wrist, upright around the kindling, their tops meeting like the poles of a tepee. Leave a larger opening on the windward side to ensure enough air for the fire, and light the tinder.
Maintenance and feeding
Pre-heat and dry larger pieces of wood by laying them discretely alongside the fire before placing them in the fire to burn. If you keep at it you can dry out any wood enough to burn.
Finally, fires by committee are notoriously problematic. Everyone has a different thermostat and style. Our process is to appoint someone as “The FireMaster” and request the FireMaster for more or less heat.
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Matt and Solo Pete had been trying to work out a two night winter camping trip to the high peaks area of the Adirondacks but due to little to no interest from the other winter campers the plan was revised. If not for the steadfast persistence and resolve of the aforementioned, beautiful and dramatic mountain top views would have been missed. After some discussion between Matt and Solo Pete is was decided to modify the trip to just an overnight trip, hike Noonmark instead of Lower Wolfjaw, and camp at a pond instead of an interior lean-to. The latter part of the plan was enough to draw in Mark, who is desperately trying to become an ADK 2000-er by camping at every last water-filled depression in the 6 million acre park.
The trio met at the Rte 73 trailhead for Dix mountain at about 10:30, shouldered their packs, loaded Matt’s new sled, and hiked the half mile into Round Pond.
A suitable spot was selected to establish as camp for the night and the tents were set up; Mark’s to one side and Matt and Solo Pete each set their tents up within inches of each other. After a quick lunch much debate was done on to when the attempt at a summit hike should be done. Suggestions included, go up that afternoon, hike back out, have dinner at the Noonmark Diner and attempt the summit in the morning, or just hang out at the campsite and summit the next morning. At the time of this debate, ominously dark clouds were blanketing all the nearby mountains and it was feared that after hiking all the way to the summit no view would be had. While the diner option always has a very strong pull, chancing it with a hike up that afternoon won.
The party began the summit attempt at 12:30pm and began the steady climb and then level hike to the trail junction where the Dix trail and Noonmark trail meet. From there is was a 1.0 mile climb to the summit. Several areas included steep ice covered outcrops that were too slippery for just snowshoe crampons. Due to the advanced planning of the team, they paused to change from snowshoes to crampons. Matt, being the thoughtful and ever considerate brother, lent Mark his full feature crampons while he used his new microspike crampons. Solo Pete also had advanced crampons. It is worth noting at the point as well that Mark and Pete also brought along their hiking poles while Matt’s were faithfully holding up his tarp tent back at camp. It was fairly tough and slow going, due to the ice and snow, but probably also had a lot to do with the sedentary lifestyle as of late of the three hikers.
At the final pitch to the summit a rather large and steep ice slope was reached and Mark unselfishly and in the jamboree-ish of jamboree spirits tossed his hiking poles back down to Matt so that he could have 2 more points of contact on the perilous slope. Without which, it is doubtful he would have reached the summit.
The summit views were exceptional and very dramatic. The cloud ceiling was probably at about 4000 feet while Noonmark stands at just over 3500. Nearby peaks could be seen rising in to the disappearing cloudy darkness while beams of sunlight stabbed through the inky darkness illuminating the horizon in places. The winds were blowing quite heavily, the travelers were sweaty, and the sun would be setting soon so after a few pictures the crew began the descent. It took about 2.5 hours to reach the summit and the return trip was about 1.5.
Upon returning the camp, the weary hikers dug through their packs, and crouched down like gargoyles above their little camp stoves. Hearty warm meals were had by all and after a brief discussion of issues that can only be discussed while winter camping the trio turned into bed by 7:30pm. Mark shared in the morning that night time lows reached about 10 degrees but all confirmed that a warm slumber was had. Mark and Matt packed up their gear and headed out while Solo Pete, true to his name stayed a bit longer and then later hiked Hurricane Mountain while Mark and Matt headed for home.
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These are pretty sorry conditions for winter camping…
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